FIELDS
OF BIOLOGICAL STUDIES:
BIOLOGY: BRANCH OF SCIENCE WHICH DEALS WITH THE STUDY OF
LIFE AND LIVING THINGS.
BOTONY:
THE STUDY OF PLANTS.
ZOOLOGY:
THE STUDY OF ANIMALS.
MICROBIOLOGY:
THE STUDY OF MICROBES OR MICROSCOPIC ORGANISMS.
EUGENICS:
THE STUDY OF FACTORS RELATED TO THE IMPROVEMENT OF HUMAN RACE.
EUPHENICS:
THE STUDY OF IMPROVEMENT OF HUMAN RACE BY IMPROVING THE BODY FUNCTIONS
AND TREATEMENT OF DEFECTIVE HEREDITY BY ALTERING PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
OR BY INTRODUCING NEW GENES.
EUTHENICS:
SCIENCE THAT DEALS WITH THE IMPROVEMENT OF HUMAN RACE BY PROVIDING
BETTER CONDITIONS OF LIFE.
ETHOLOGY:
STUDY OF TYPICAL BEHAVIOUR OF ORGANISMS IN THEIR NATURAL HABITAT.
EXBIOLOGY:
BRANCH OF SCIENTIFIC ENQUIRY ABOUT THE POSSIBILITY OF LIFE IN
THE OUTER SPACE.
CYBERNETICS:
SCIENCE OF NEUROBIOLOGY AND ENDECRINOLOGY.
AEROBIOLOGY:
STUDY OF ORGANISMS PARTICULARLY MICRO-ORGANISMS AND POLLEN, PRESENT
IN THE AIR.
LIMNOLOGY:
BRANCH OF BIOLOGY WHICH DEALS WITH THE STUDY OF LAKE ECOSYSTEM.
RADIOBIOLOGY:
STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF RADIATION ON PLANTS AND ANIMALS.
PATHOLOGY:
BRANCH THAT DEALS WITH THE STUDY AND THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE
NATURE, DEVELOPMENT AND CONTROL OF DISEASES.
ETIOLOGY:
STUDY OF VARIOUS CAUSES OF THE DISEASE.
EPIDEMIOLOGY:
STUDY OF VARIOUS ENVIORMENTAL, SOIL AND BIOLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING
THE OUTBREAK OF AN INFECTIOUS DISEASE ON LARGE POPULATION.
PARASITOLOGY:
STUDY OF PARASTIC ORGANISMS AND PHYSIOLOGY OF PARASITISM.
TOXICOLOGY:
STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF TOXIC CHEMICALS ON ANIMALS AND PLANTS.
IMMUNOLOGY:
STUDY OF IMMUNE SYSTEM AND DEFENCE MECHANISM OF ORGANISMS AGAINST
INFECTION.
ENZYMOLOGY:
STUDY OF ENZYMES.
PSYCHOBIOLOGY:
STUDY OF ANIMAL PSYCHOLOGY.
AGRONOMY:
A BRANCH OF AGRICULTURE CONCERNED WITH THE MANAGEMENT OF FARMS
AND PRODUCTION OF CROPS.
ANTHROPOLOGY:
STUDY OF PHYSICAL AND MENTAL DEVELOPMENT OF MAN, HIS CULTURES,
CUSTOMS AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS OF THE PRESENT AND PAST RACES.
AEPICULTURE:
BEE KEEPING AND REARING OF BEES FOR COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION OF HONEY
AND BEE WAX.
BIOMEDICAL
ENGINEERING: DESINGING AND PRODUCTION OF MEDICAL EQUIPMENTS
AND SPARE PARTS OF MAN SUCH AS ARTIFICIAL LIMBS, PACE-MAKER, HEARING
AIDS, ETC.
BREEDING:
AN ART AND SCIENCE OF CHANGING AND IMPROVING HEREDITY OF PLANTS
AND ANIMALS.
DENTISTRY:
BRANCH OF MEDICAL SCIENCE AND CONCERENED WITH THE CARE OF THE
TEETH.
DNA
FINGER PRINTING: BRANCH OF BIOTECHNOLOGY CONCERENED WITH THE
IDENTIFICATION OF THE PERSON SOLVING PATERNITY DISPUTES BY COMPARING
THE DNA MOLECULE.
ENTOMOLOGY:
BIOLOGICAL STUDY OF INSECTS.
FISHERY:
BRANCH CONCERNED WITH CATCHING AND MARKETING OF FISHES AND OTHER
PRODUTS OF THE SEA, LAKES, RIVERS.
FORENSIC
SCIENCE: BRANCH CONCERNED WITH THE IDENTIFICATION OF FACTS
SUCH AS POISONS, NARCOTICS, BLOOD TYPES, FINGER PRINTS, DNA MATCHING,
ETC FOR USE IN THE CIVIL AND CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS.
GENETIC
ENGINEERING: IT INVOLVES RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY OR GENETIC
MANIPULATION TO PRODUCE CELL OR ORGANISM WITH NEW COMBINATION
OF HEREDITY APPRATUS.
HORTICULTURE:
SCIENCE OF MANAGEMENT AND EXPLOITATION OF ORCHARDS AND GARDENS.
MICROBIOLOGY:
SCIENCE DEALING WITH THE STRUCTURE, REPRODUCTION AND APPLIED ASPECTS
OF MICROSCOPIC ORGANISMS.
PHARMACOLOGY:
SCIENCE OF DRUGS AND PREPARING MEDICINES.
SERICULTURE:
REARING AND TREATEMENT OF SILK WORMS FOR EXTRACTING RAW SILK.
VETERNARY
SCIENCE: SCIENCE OF CURING THE DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS
THEIR HEALTH CARE.
SOME GREAT SCIENTIST AND PHILOSOPHERS
ARISTOTLE: FATHER OF BIOLOGY, FATHER OF ZOOLOGY AND FOUNDER
OF EMBRYOLOGY.
THEOPHRASTUE:
FATHER OF BOTONY.
WILLIAM
TURNER: FATHER OF ENGLISH BOTONY.
LOUIS
PASTEUR: FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY.
ROBERT
KOCH: FATHER OF BACTERIOLOGY.
H.A.
DE BARY: FATHER OF PLANT PATHOLOGY.
STEPHEN
HALES: FATHER OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY.
CARL
LINNAEUS: FATHER OF TAXONOMY.
SANTAPAU:
FATHER OF INDIAN TAXONOMY.
G.J.
MENDEL: FATHER OF GENETICS.
ALEC
JEFFREYS: FATHER OF DNA FINGER PRINTING.
CHARAKA:
FATHER OF AYURVEDA.
HIPPOCRATES:
FATHER OF MEDICINE.
SOME MAJOR EVENTS IN MILLION YEARS:
|
S
No.
|
ORIGIN
|
IN
MILLION (YRS)
|
| 1.
UNIVERSE |
10,000-20,000 |
| 2.
SOLAR SYSTEM |
4,600 |
| 3.
EARTH |
4,500 |
| 4.
ABIOTIC CHEMICAL EVOLUTION, ANEROBIC LIFE |
4,200 |
| 5.
BEGINNING OF TRACES OF OXYGEN |
3,800 |
| 6.
PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA |
3,500-3,800 |
| 7.
OXYGEN EVOLVING PHOTOSYNTHETIC CYANOBACTERIA |
3,300-3,500 |
| 8.
EUCARYOTES |
1,600 |
| 9.
SEVERAL INVERTIBRATES, FUNGI AND ALGAE |
500-1,600 |
| 10.
SIMPLE LAND PLANTS |
459 |
| 11.
JAWED FISHES, INSECTS, FERNS, CLUB MOSSES |
400 |
| 12.
LUNG FISHES, AMPHIBIANS |
375 |
| 13.
SEED FERNS |
340 |
| 14.
FIRST REPTILES: GYMNOSPERMS |
300 |
| 15.
FIRST MAMMAL AND GIANT REPTILES |
220 |
| 16.
FLOWERING PLANTS |
180 |
| 17.
MODERN BIRDS |
120 |
| 18.
PRIMATES |
60 |
| 19.
APES: |
30 |
| 20.
GRASSES |
20 |
| 21.
MODERN HUMAN |
0.01-2
|
SOME
IMPORTANT FORMULAE, STRUCTURES AND REACTIONS:
Formation of simple organic moleculer-
CH4 + NH3 + H2O ------------> Amino acids
CH4 + HCN + NH3 + H2O ---------> Purines + Pyrimidines
CH4 + H2O ---------------> Sugars + Glycerol +
fatty acids
Formation of complex organic molecules
Fatty acids + Glycerol ----------> Fat
Nitrogen base + Rentose sugar + Phosphoric acid ----------->
Nucleotide.
Photosynthesis
Light
6CO2 + 12H2O ----------------> C6H12O6
+ 6O2 + 6H2O
Carbondi Water chlorophyll Glucose Oxygen
Water
oxide
Structure of pentose sugars
H -- C = O
|
H -- C -- OH
|
H -- C -- OH
|
H -- C -- OH
|
H |
\
C -- OH
/
H
Ribose (open chain form)
Ribose (Furanose Ring form)
Deoxyribose (Furnaose Ring form)
Structural formulae of comman disaccharides
Condensation
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 ---------------> C12H22O4 + H2O
Glucose Glucose Maltose Water
Fructose Sucrose
Galactose
Structure of glycerol molecule Structure of glucose
H
|
H-C-
|
H-C-
|
H-C-
|
H
H-C=O
|
H-C-OH
|
HO-C-H
|
H-C-OH
|
H-C-OH
|
H
\
C -OH
/
H
Open chain
Ring form
Sturated fatty acid - CH3(CH2)16 COOH
Stearic
acid
Unsaturated fatty acid - CH3(CH2)7CH =
CH(CH2)7 COOH
Oleic
acid
Polar and Non-Polar amino acids -
COOH COOH COOH
| | |
H2N - C - H H2N
- C - H
H2N - C - H
| | |
CH3 CH2 H2COH
Alanino (Nonpolar) |
Serine
(Poalr)
CH2
|
COOH
Glutamic
acid
(Polar)
Some importatn figures
Forms of beak in birds
