TENSES :

* Simple -	Present	Past	Future
* Continuous -	Present	Past	Future
* Perfect -	Present	Past	Future
* Perfect Continuous-	Present	Past	Future

Examples of each tens are givne below : -
1) Simple Present - I sing.
2) Present Continuous - I am singing.
3) Present Perfect - I have sung.
4) Present perfect Cont. - I have been singing.

Here is sentence. (1) we find the action is simply stated, there is no mention of time.
In sentence. (2) the verb indicats the action as being continuous or still going on, i.e. incomplete. Thus continuous tense indicate continuity of action
In sentence. (3) the verb indicates finishing of one action, i.e. completeness, perfect ness. Thus perfect tenses show complete uses of action.
In sentences. (4) the verb indicates the 'going on continuously' of an action; action which began in the past and is still continuing , not yet finished.
Thus perfect continuous tenses indicate are action which has begun in the past and is still continuing.
Similarly we have e.g. of each in past and Future Tenses.

Simple Past - I ate
Past Continuous - I was eating.
Past Perfect - I had eaten.
Past Perfect continuous - I had been eating.

Simple Future - I shall leave
Future Continuous - I shall be leaving
Future Perfect - I shall have left.
Future Perfect cont. - I shall have been leaving.

Tenses can thus also be defined as forms of verb which show the time and state of am location as event.
Example of the Verb 'Give' in Tense of Active and Passive voice.

		Simple	Cont.	Perfect	Per. Cont.
Present	Active	I give.	I am giving.	I have given.	I have been giving.
	Passive	I am given.	I am being given.	I have been giving.
Past	Active	I gave.	I was giving.	I had given.	I had been giving.
	Passive	I was given.	I was being given.	I had been given.
Future	Active	I shall give.	I shall be giving.	I shall given.	I shall have been giving.
	Passive	I shall be given.		I shall gave been given.

The use of Tenses .
* Simple Present Tense is usually used to express habits
e.g. She exercises every morning;
to express general facts - Roses are red;
In exclamations to express what is actually happening in present - There goes the shooting star!
In narrative, usually a substitute for simple past
- Immediately, we saw many air crafts.
To indicate Future plan - Tomorrow, I leave for good.
*Present Continuous Tense -This form of Tense is used for action continuing while speaking - He is playing;
for an action which may not be happening at the time of speaking, but occurring never the less -
I am reading 'Weathering Heights' (though when speaking the action may not be taking place);
for an action that is prearranged to take place in the near future - we are going out for dinner tonight.
* Present Perfect Tense - It is used for action which is completed in the immediate past -
He just left the room;
for expressing past actions whose time is not specified - I have never seen him laughing;
for expressign effects of past events on the present -
I am finished with you! (I don't want to know you any more);
to demote an action which has begun in the past and is still continuing - I haven't seen him for a long time now.
* Present Perfect Continuous Tense - It is used to denote action that has begun in the past and is still continuing - I have been watching T.V. some times it is also used for an action that has already been completed. In such cases it is emphasized as an explanation - Why do you look so nervous? I haven't been keeping well.
*Simple Past Tense - It is used to indicate an action completed in the past, often occurring with adverbs - she left the town two years back;
I couldn't eat the good;
It is also used for past habits - He always drank milk in the morning.
*Past Continuous Tense - It is used to denote an action going an from some time in the past. The time of action may or may not be indicated. It may also be used with always or other words denoting continuity - It was getting stuffier in the room.
He was always smiling.
*Past Perfect Tense - It is used to devote an action which was completed before a certain period of time in the past. It is used specially in casses where one action prcedes another in the past, the first action is denoted by past perfect tense- I had posted the letter before I got his.
* Past Perfect Continuous Tense - It is used to denote an action that began before a certain time in the past and is still continuing - I arrived to find that all my friends had been waiting for me.
* Simple Future Tense - This is used to denote an action that still to take place. It usually expresses stated facts about the future -
Tomorrow will be a sunny day.
I shall visit my aunt later today
*Future Continuous Tense - It indicates the continuity of action that shall take place in the feature. It is also used for futrue events that are planned. - when I get home, my mother will be waiting.
He will meet us two hours hence.
*Future Perfect Tense - It is used ot represent the completion of an action by specified feature time -
By the time he gets to the station, the train will hence left.
*Future Perfect Continuous Tense - It indicates an action as being in progress own a period of time, ending in the future - when Anna gets a job, she will have been working for three years.


MODALS
Modals are a form of Auxilliary verbs.
Auxilliary verbs are known as helping verbs used to make the form of another verb. They are also known as Anomalous on Special verbs.
Modals are known thus as they refer to the mood or the mode of the verb, i.e. interogation, negative etc. e.g. Can ....? , mustn't...etc.

Modals - Can, Could, May, Might, Shall, Should, Will, Would, Ought, Used, Need, Done.
The modals can, could, may, might, shall should, will would, must and ought are known as detective verbs, they have no-s in the third person singular. they have no infinitive and - ing forms.

Use of Modals
Can, Could, may, Might.
Can expresses ability or capacity - can you swim?
May expresses permission - May I borow your book? Yes you may.
In a negative sentence can not shows impossibility, while 'may not' show improbability.
Could and might are the past equivalients of can and may. In present day english, could and might also express positive sentences with a hesiitant mood. e.g. -
I might see the movie . - midicating hesitancy in seeing the movie. I could wear that dress indicating other priorities of dresses.
shall, should, will would
shall is used in the first person and will is the second and third to express future actions. I shall be waiting. She/they will be sleeping.
- Shall used in second and third person expresses a command - you shall never leave the house!;
a promise - He shall definitely be here today;
a their at - they shall make sure you board the train!;
Will expresses volition - I will be nice to him;
characteristics - He will always sulk;
assumption as probatility - that will be mother, I think.
a request - will you join the dance?
should and would are past equivalents of shall and will should is used in all persons to express duty as obligation - We should obey traffic rules;
a supposition - It should rain , I guess.
should/would are also a polite form of wait - I should like to see you agains - meanign I want to see you agains.

Must, Ought
Must expresses neceseity an obligation - It must be nice!;
Determination - I must have it.
Ought expresses more of a moral obligation as disirability - she ought to apoligize;
a strong probability - with such a east, the filam ought ot be great success.

Use, Need Done
Used is usually expressed with a (to) like used to
- I used to be living there.
It expresses a discontinued habit.
Need expresses necessity as obligaiton - I need a spool of blue thread.
When conjugated with 'do' 'need' does not have' or '-ed'. Only when 'to' is in conjugation 's' and 'ed' are requred.
e.g. Do you need read? No, I do not need it.
One needs to be coneful on roads. Oil is needed to fuel the fire.
Dare as a modal expresses bravery and not challenge as in the ordinary verb. It does not take an -s in the third person singular present tense. It is generally used in negative and Interrogative sentence - How dares you drink it?
He done not leave the table.
Inshort Modals are used to represent different forms of tense.

Active and Passive Voice
Voice of a sentence points to the does of action, i.e. whether, the subject is the does, or is the subject a recipient of the action.
e.g. Neha like Gerauiums......... (1)
Geraniums are liked by Neha.....(2)
Both the sentences have the same meaning, but in (1) Neha (subj.) is doing the action, in (2) Neha (subj.) Active voice, Sen.(2) receives the action, sentence(1) is in passive voice.
important Note-while coverting a sentence from Active voice to passive voice, the meaning of the sentence should always be maintained.
e.g. The cat killed the mouse. (A)
The mouse was killed by the cat (p)
The manager will give you a ticket (A)
you will be given a ticket by the manager (P)
A ticket will be given to you by the manager (P)
The window is broken (P)
Somebody has broken the window. (A).

OTHER AREAS
Determiners - Determiners are words that come before a nooun and limit its meaning. They denote a quantitative or possesive quality of the noun. Detrminers include the following -
# Articles - a, an, the
# Demonstrative adjectives - this, that, these, those.
# Possesive adjectives - my, our, your, his, her, its, their
# Adjectives of quantity and number - some, any, much, many, all, both, few littele, each, every, either, neither, over, two, first, second, etc.

PRONOUNS
A pronoun is essentially a word used in place of a noun, - I, we, you, he, she, it, they.
Ist person personal pronoun - I, we
IInd person personal pronoun - You,
IIIrd person personal pronoun - HE, she, they, it.
'It' is also known as impersonal pronoun, as it does not denote any personification. 'It' can also stand for a collective noun - e.g. The army had suffer terrible losses in its march.
* Two singular nouns joined by and, pronoun used in plural - Both Hema and Lata have finished their work.
* Two singular noun joined by 'and' refering to the same person pronoun used is singular.
- The secretany and the tneasuer is negligent of his duty.

Compound Personal Pronouns/ Reflexive pronouns
when - self is added to my, your, him, her, it and selves to your, them, they are called compound personal pronouns, or Reflexive pronouns, as they reflect upon the subject.
e.g. I hurt myself.
He did it himself.
Emphatic Pronoun- Whenever Reflexive pronouns are used for emphasis, they are called emphatic pronouns.
e.g. Let him do it himself.
you have to see it yourself to believe it.
Demonstrative pronouns - pronouns which pointout the object of refernce are called demonstrative pronouns e.g.-
This, that, these, those.
This cup is better than that one
All such incidenes must be reparted.
Indefinite pronouns - all pronouns which refer to things in general, not to any thing specific. e.g.
Few escaped unscathed.
One has to work hard to succeed.
Distributive Pronoun is one which refers to persons as things one at a time. They are thus always in singular and followed by the verb in singular.
e.g. To cach his own.
Either you take the bus or the rail.
Neither him nor his brother know.
Recipcocal pronouns one pronouns belonging to the same subject. e.g. each other, one another.
Relative pronouns are pronouns which work as a conjunction as well as a pronoun. ;They may also be known as Conjunctive pronoun. However, this basic work is to relate.
e.g. I found the book which you had lost
*She is the girl who can sing well.
The noun/pronoun in the sentence in known as the Antecedent .
e.g * she------
sometimes the anticedent is left out.
e.g. who laugh last, laughs best.
Interogative Pronouns one which refer to asking quesitons. e.g. whom do you wish ot speak to ?
what is your name?
whose wallet in this?
Interogative pronouns are similar to relative pronouns but the work they do is different, primarily interogating.
There are compound Interogative pronouns to whichever, whatever, whoever, wherever etc.

PREPOSITION
A preposition ('pre' + 'position', being placed before) in a word placed befor a noun as a pronoun to show the relation of the person on thing in regard to some thing else.
e.g. The mouse jumped over the clock. Here 'over' slows the relation between the mouse and the clock.
Kinds of prepositions
* simple preposition - at, by, for, from, in, of, off, on, out, through, till, to, up, with.
* Compound preposition - about, above, across, along, among, before, behind, below, beside, between, inside, outside, within, without,
* Phases preposition - according to, in front of, in lieu of, with regard to, etc.....
The most come noun relation expressed by prepositions are of
(1) Place - accross two road, around, the world, over the moon.
(2) Time - throughout the year, within an hour.
(3) Agency - sold at question, destroyed by fire.
(4) manner - won with diffeculty, brought by power
(5) Cause , reason, Purpose - dead from starvation, chills from the north wind.
(6) Possession - a man of means , one without joy
(7) Measure, standard, rate, value- she is taller than her sister by two inches.
(8) contrast, Concession - For all his good fortune, he still wants more
(9) Inference, motive, source, origin -From what I have experienced, I do not trust you; skill comes from practise.